The Neptune Coins of Gallienus' "Zoo"



Neptune
Neptune, god of the seas
(and apparently disco)

The hippocamp is a mythical beast consisting of the foreparts of a horse and the sea-serpent tail. They were the chariot-beasts of Neptune. The capricorn is easily distinguished from the hippocamp - the capricorn is half goat and half fish, and therefore usually has a straight fish tail as well as horns. I'm not sure what it's connection to Neptune is, other than the fact that it was another sea animal.

A similar beast is depicted on the Mercury coins. This is often referred to as a hippocamp, but is more correctly the "Criocamp", or Egyptian sea-ram. The rams' horns on the head are the easiest way to tell them apart, if the legend can't be read.


Census Information

Type Legend Obverse Cunetio Göbl
Hippocamp right GALLIENUS AVG head 146 96
Hippocamp right GALLIENUS AVG cuir bust 41 32
Hippocamp left GALLIENUS AVG head 4
Capricorn right GALLIENUS AVG head 3 21

In the Cunetio Hoard 192 (98%) of the Neptune coins showed the hippocamp, while only 3 (2%) showed the capricorn.



Capricorn



The capricorn is not traditionally associated with Neptune/Poseidon, but being half fish the connection is obvious. The capricorn on these coins is most often shown with a straight tail, but occasionally examples with a slightly curved tail are found. This coin type is fairly rare, and is seldom seen up for auction. The capricorn was also the astrological sign of Julius Caesar, and as such was seen on some coins of Augustus.

Obv: GALLIENVSAVG - Head right with radiate crown.
Rev: NEPTVNOCONSAVG - Capricorn right. Stigma in exergue.
Traces of silvering on reverse.
RIC.245, VM.178/3, SR.----, RSC.670, CT.1377, Göbl.732b (21 examples)

Obv: GALLIENVSAVG - Head right with radiate crown.
Rev: NEPTVNOCONSAVG - Capricorn right. Stigma in exergue.
The body of this capricorn is more sea-serpent than the fish-like example above.
RIC.245, VM.178/3, SR.----, RSC.670, CT.1377, Göbl.732b



Hippocamp



In spite of the relatively low numbers of the hippocamp coins found in the Cunetio hoard, the right-facing hippocamp coin is easily and affordably available, in all grades. The variety in engraving styles found in these coins can be fascinating to examine - I've tried to display a nice cross-section of different types. The curve of the tail, as well as number and placement of fins, varies from coin to coin.


Obv: GALLIENVSAVG - Head right with radiate crown.
Rev: NEPTVNOCONSAVG - Hippocamp right. N in exergue.
RIC.245, VM.178/1, SR.2982, RSC.667, CT.1392, Göbl.743b (96 examples)


Obv: GALLIENVSAVG - Cuirassed right with radiate crown.
Rev: NEPTVNOCONSAVG - Hippocamp right. N in exergue.
The cuirassed (armored) bust version is much less common that the simple "head" version.
RIC.245, VM.178/1, SR.2982, RSC.668, CT.1393, Göbl.743u (32)

Obv: [G]AL[LIE]NVSAVG - Cuirassed right with radiate crown.
Rev: NEPTVNOCONSAVG - Hippocamp right. N in exergue.
Double struck on both sides, with a signifigant turn. This is especially evident along the back of his neck and on the hippocamp's tail.
RIC.245, VM.178/1, SR.2982, RSC.668, CT.1393, Göbl.743u

Obv: GALLIENVSAVG - Head right with radiate crown.
Rev: ONSAVG...NOCONSAVG - Hippocamp right.
Another well-defined multiple striking, with three examples of the hippocamp's forelegs being visible: the final strike at 3:00, and previous strikes with the legs at 6:00 and 9:00. The obverse image shows almost no evidence of multiple striking, just a little at the neck. This suggests that multiple reverse dies were employed, perhaps for faster striking.
RIC.245, VM.178/1, SR.2982, RSC.667, CT.1392, Göbl.743b



The left-facing hippocamp appears to be excedingly rare, with not a single example found in the Cunetio hoard. There is also no mention of it in most references, with the exception of Van Meter. No picture of this coin type was shown in Van Meter, so it's unknown if he had actually seen one, or if a reference to it was found in another catalogue. These don't appear to be misengraved barbaric copies, as the style and lettering are right for the period. Also, the lettering isn't reversed, indicating the the engraver faced the hippocamp left deliberately.

Obv: GALLIENVSAVG - Head right with radiate crown.
Rev: NEPTVNOCONSAVG - Hippocamp left. N in exergue.
RIC.--- (similar to 245, but hippocamp left), VM.178/2, SR.----, RSC.---, CT.----, Göbl.742u (0 examples)

Obv: GALLIENVSAVG - Head right with radiate crown.
Rev: NEPTVNOCONSAVG - Hippocamp left. Traces of N in exergue.
Note the extra fins along the tail, as well as the odd placement of the end of the tail. No fins were shown on the backs of the forelegs. This hippocamp was also engraved very high up on the die, leaving a wide space below. Not just struck off-center, as you can also see parts of the beaded border.
RIC.--- (similar to 245, but hippocamp left), VM.178/2, SR.----, RSC.---, CT.----, Göbl.742b (4 examples)

Hippocamp
A hippocamp mosaic from the Roman baths at Bath, England


If you have an comments, questions, or corrections, please email me.
All coins from the author's collection. Not a commercial site, these coins are not for sale.

E-mail Jim
Coins of Gallienus' Zoo
last modified: 7 Mar 2006